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The complete works of Anne Frank | Anne Frank House
There are books, pamphlets and websites claiming that the diary is a forgery, that it is written by people other than Anne Frank herself, research paper about anne frank, and that it was partly written with a ballpoint pen. These are lies. Here are the most important facts about the diary. Over the years a number of people have tried to spread the claim that the diary of Anne Frank is a forgery.
After his death in this task is taken over by the Anne Frank House and the Anne Research paper about anne frank Fonds. The attacks on the authenticity of the diary need to be seen in a wider perspective.
People who have claimed, or still claim, that the diary is not genuine have a political agenda. They often also say or write that the Holocaust never happened. Or they try to prove that there were no gas chambers at Auschwitz, and that the figure of six million Jews murdered during the Second World War is an exaggeration.
The diary of Anne Frank is an important document of the Holocaust, and since the Second World War Anne Frank has become the most well known symbol of the persecution of the Jews. People and organisations that deny or trivialise the Holocaust are attempting to exonerate and rehabilitate the National Socialist system.
In Europe and North America the distribution of material in which the authenticity research paper about anne frank the diary of Anne Frank is attacked — and often that the Holocaust is denied — is fortunately only the work of a few people.
There are no serious scientists who doubt the fact that the Holocaust took place or that the diary of Anne Frank really was written by her. But in the Middle East, Holocaust denial has increasingly become a weapon in the struggle against Israel, and falsehoods about the Holocaust are put forward on television and the Internet on a wide scale. Many children in the Middle East learn at school that the diary of Anne Frank is a forgery.
Through satellite television, these lies also seep through into the Western world. In addition, research paper about anne frank, the people who spread material in which the Holocaust is denied or the diary of Anne Frank is attacked have in the Internet a means of potentially spreading their ideas very widely indeed. Every Internet user can be confronted with them, usually unwillingly.
For this reason, the Anne Frank House wants to use all the means at its disposal — and therefore also our website — to repudiate the lies about the diary of Anne Frank. In October Fritzi Frank-Markowitz was interviewed by Wouter van der Sluis, a researcher and filmmaker from the Anne Frank House.
Fritzi Frank was the widow research paper about anne frank Otto Frank. She died in In the interview she talks about the visit of Robert Faurisson, a notorious Holocaust denier. He denies the existence of gas chambers, for example, and disputes the authenticity of the diary of Anne Frank.
Among the presents she received was a notebook: an almost square album with a hardback red, white and green cover. This is where she would write her diary. Her first diary ends on 5 December Her second surviving diary book, a school exercise book, begins on 22 December and continues up to 17 April It is highly improbable that Anne Frank did not keep a diary between December and Decemberresearch paper about anne frank, so we must assume that this section has been lost.
Her third and last diary volume, also a school exercise book, begins research paper about anne frank 17 April and ends on 1 August Besides her diary, Anne also wrote Verhaaltjes, en gebeurtenissen uit het Achterhuis Tales from the Secret Annexe in a large accounts book, research paper about anne frank, and she filled a small, narrow cash book with quotations: her Mooie Zinnenboek Favourite Quotes Notebook.
This Verhaaltjesboek and Mooie Zinnenboek have both been preserved. Anne Frank rewrote her diary entries herself in the secret annexe, with a view to them possibly being published after the war. In this way she created a second version, in which the events of December to December are described.
The loose sheets have been preserved: their last entries date from 29 March So the first version of the diary was not fully preserved, while the second version was unfinished.
To help in the search for a publisher for Het Achterhuis The Secret Annexeas Anne had named her second version Otto Frank had parts of the diary entries typed out in late In doing so he left out some sections, moved others and made some corrections. This created a typescript, but it was not yet a book. Both typescripts have been preserved. All of this resulted in the first Dutch publication of The Secret Annexe in June The Dutch government transferred the stewardship of the manuscripts to the National Institute for War Documentation Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, RIODwhich later became the Dutch Institute for War Documentation Research paper about anne frank Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, NIOD.
InNIOD published the three versions of the diary described above — the preserved original diary entries, the version rewritten by Anne Frank herself, and the edition compiled by Otto Frank and published by Contact publishers in — together under one cover: De Dagboeken van Anne Frank The Diaries of Anne Frank.
The original diary of Anne Frank and a number of other documents written in her own hand have been exhibited in the Anne Frank House since The results of this research were presented in a report of over pages. The main section of the report is taken up with the findings of a detailed handwriting comparison, but a forensic document analysis was also carried out, research paper about anne frank.
The Diaries of Anne Frankthe so-called Critical Edition that was published by the NIOD incontains a page summary of the Forensic Institute report. The allegations that the diary was the work of someone else are thus conclusively refuted. The Revised Critical Editionresearch paper about anne frank,p. The report also concluded that the loose sheets were not written before the three diary books.
the text published in German translation as Das Tagebuch der Anne Frank may be considered true to its sources in substance and ideas. A very limited research paper about anne frank also took place in Germany inalso in preparation for legal proceedings, and this time carried out by the Federal Criminal Police Office the Bundeskriminalamt or BKA in Wiesbaden.
The Research paper about anne frank came to the conclusion that all the types of paper and ink used were manufactured beforeand could therefore have been used in the war years. Infive previously unknown pages from the diary of Anne Frank cropped up. They were five loose sheets that Otto Frank had already set apart before the publication of the diary in They were made public by Cor Suyk, a former employee of the Anne Frank House.
The loose sheets were sold by Suyk to the Dutch nation, and subsequently added to the rest of the diary, which was held by the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation NIOD. The five pages were first included in the fifth edition of De Dagboeken van Anne Frankfollowed by the The Diary of Research paper about anne frank Frank: The Revised Critical Edition That is the most certain degree of identification that the Netherlands Forensic Institute can give.
In other words: there is no reason whatsoever to presume that the five returned loose sheets were not written by Anne Frank. No, that is not correct. All the diary entries are written in various types of ink and coloured pencil, not in ballpoint.
The document analysis by the Netherlands Forensic Institute showed that the main part of the diary and the loose sheets were written in grey-blue fountain pen ink. In addition, Anne also used thin red ink, green and red coloured pencils and black pencil for her annotations: not ballpoint. Nevertheless, the allegation can still regularly be research paper about anne frank on extreme right-wing websites and elsewhere that the diary of Anne Frank is written in ballpoint pen.
The conclusion forced by this allegation is that the texts in the diary could not have been written by Anne Frank herself. They were clearly placed between the other pages later.
Ina Mr Ockelmann from Hamburg wrote that his mother had written the research paper about anne frank sheets in question, research paper about anne frank.
Mrs Ockelmann was a member of the team that carried out the graphological investigation into the writings of Anne Frank around The careless wording of the BKA report from — a report that for the rest in no way challenges the authenticity of the diary — or at any rate its openness to several interpretations, has taken on a life of its own in extreme right-wing circles.
These texts were written by a graphological researcher, research paper about anne frank, and are not included in any edition of the diary apart from the Critical Editionwhere photos of the annotation sheets are reproduced. In Research paper about anne frankthe BKA found it necessary to state in a press release that the investigation cannot be used to call the authenticity of the diary into doubt.
Apart from a few deluded eccentrics, all the people and groups of people who seriously claim that the diary of Anne Frank, or parts of it, are a forgery fall into the category of Holocaust deniers. They are people who, by means of an attack on the diary, attempt to sow doubt about the fact that the Holocaust truly took place, that six million Jews were murdered during the Second World War, and that the Nazis ever built any gas chambers.
They are people with a political aim: by denying or trivialising the Holocaust, they try to prove or make it appear reasonable that Nazism was and is a much less malevolent system than everyone thinks. Because it forms an accessible introduction to the Holocaust to people all over the world, and is often used in schools, the diary of Anne Frank is a popular target for these old and new Nazis.
Holocaust deniers — also called negationists — come in all shapes and sizes. There are some who wrap themselves in a scientific cloak: they call themselves revisionists or historical revisionists. Using pseudo-scientific arguments, they try to revise the history of the Second World War. The Diary of Anne Frank: Is It Authentic? Faurisson has repeatedly been sentenced to fines and prison terms for research paper about anne frank the libellous claim that no gas chambers existed in the Second World War, and for incitement to discrimination and racial hatred.
Holocaust denial does not only take place in the western world, research paper about anne frank, but also — and in recent years increasingly — in the Middle East. There it is mainly used as a weapon in the struggle against the state of Israel. In Iran, the denial of the Holocaust is even official state ideology, but in the Arabic world too — and increasingly in Turkey — Holocaust deniers are presented in the media as serious scientists. It is striking how many of the revisionist texts that circulate in the Middle East on the Internet and elsewhere are of European or American origin.
Freedom of speech is an important human right in every democratic society. It means that each individual is free to publicly express all kinds of ideas, opinions and standpoints, without prior censorship. But freedom of speech does not mean that anyone can say or shout anything in public with impunity. Just like all other fundamental human rights, there are also limits to freedom of speech that may not be crossed.
Inciting hatred, murder or violence, and the distribution of libel, are punishable offences. The spreading of demonstrable untruths about the diary of Anne Frank is not only extremely insulting to those directly involved, it is also discriminatory and research paper about anne frank to all victims of the Holocaust and their surviving relatives. It is only after a statement has been made, that a court can decide if it is unlawful, research paper about anne frank. On this point, the United States and the countries of the European Union have very different traditions.
A limit will not be imposed on freedom of speech so quickly in the United States, research paper about anne frank. It is not for nothing that the First Amendment of the American Constitution states that no laws may be made that unnecessarily restrict this freedom.
In Europe, research paper about anne frank, limits on freedom of speech will be set earlier, if the right to protection against discrimination is at issue. A considerable number of the books and websites where the diary of Anne Frank is attacked come from the USA. The first allegations against the diary came in and in obscure Swedish and Norwegian periodicals.
BBC Anne Frank: A life in Hiding
, time: 28:09SARS-CoV-2 infection of the oral cavity and saliva
Despite signs of infection-including taste loss, dry mouth and mucosal lesions such as ulcerations, enanthema and macules-the involvement of the oral cavity in coronavirus disease (COVID) is poorly understood. To address this, we generated and analyzed two single-cell RNA sequencing datasets Feb 04, · Typhus was a terrible problem, especially for the children. Of in my barracks, maybe got it, and most of them died. Many others starved to death. When Anne Frank got sick with typhus, I remember telling her she could stay in the barracks – Feb 01, · Forum on Green and Blue New Deals. April 23, GDAE Senior Researcher Jonathan Harris participated in a symposium sponsored by the University of Massachusetts at Boston on Green and Blue New Deals: Science and Economics for Noel Healy (Salem State University) and Rebecca Lewison (San Diego State University) joined Dr. Harris with presentations on policy
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